YUAN Tian
- Affiliation
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Official title
- Assistant Professor
- ORCID
- 0000-0003-3111-365X
- URL
- =<8$1O7,$1O*$FTd$7FTf8O768.8%$O$&O-3
- Office
- 総合研究棟A604
- Research fields
Environmental engineering and reduction of environmental burden Environmental agriculture(including landscape science) - Research keywords
Organic wastes treatment Resource recovery Anaerobic digestion Organic food/biomass production Water remediation Environmental toxicity assessment - Research projects
植物と藻類の共生相乗効果を利用した資源循環型新農法の構築 2026-04 -- 2029-03 原 田 日本学術振興会/基盤研究B/ 18,070,000Yen 生態系の復元力を強化する資源循環型の生態工学システムによる持続型環境修復法の構築 2025-04 -- 2029-03 清水 和哉 日本学術振興会/基盤研究A/ Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Using Algal-bacterial Consortia for Enhanced Resilience to Climate Change in Africa 2025-04 -- 2028-03 雷 中方 JST Africa-Japan Collaborative Research (AJ-CORE)/ N2O Production and Intelligent Mitigation in Three Types of Biogranule-based Wastewater Systems 2025-04 -- 2026-03 雷 中方 Worldwide University Network (WUN)研究開発基金/ 脱炭素化・エネルギー転換に資する我が国技術の国際実証事業/実証要件適合性等調査/生ごみからのエネルギー回収を実現するための高効率メタン発酵実証研究(ウズベキスタン) 2025 -- (current) 原 田 NEDO調査項目に関する業務委託/ Realizing Carbon Neutrality and Resource/Energy Self-sufficiency in Wastewater Treatment Plants by Integrating Three Functional Granular Sludges 2024-04 -- 2029-03 LEI Zhongfang Japan Society of for the Promotion of Science/Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(A) Development of sustainable resource recycling agriculture with highly efficient bioenergy and biofertilizer production system and algae cultivation using alkaline wastewater 2024-04 -- 2027-03 YUAN Tian Oriental Shiraishi Corp./ Elucidation of the value of liquid anaerobic digestate as a functional fertilizer 2024-04 -- 2027-03 YUAN Tian Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists 4,680,000Yen Development of novel dry anaerobic digestion targeting resource conversion of agricultural wastes 2023-10 -- 2024-09 YUAN Tian Nippon Life Insurance foundation/若手・奨励研究助成 1,450,000Yen Development of sustainable agri-aquaculture system and bioenergy conversion system 2023-04 -- 2024-03 YUAN Tian Oriental Shiraishi Corp./ more... - Career history
2021-05 -- (current) University of TsukubaFaculty of Life and Environmental SciencesAssistant Professor 2019-10 -- 2021-05 Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health研究員 - Academic background
2016-10 -- 2019-09 University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Sustainable Environmental Studies 2014-04 -- 2016-03 University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences 2009-09 -- 2013-06 Sichuan University College of Life Sciences Biological Sciences - Degree
2019-9 Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Studies University of Tsukuba 2016-3 Master of Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba 2013-6 Bacholer of Science Sichuan University - Academic societies
2024-01 -- (current) Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology 2022-12 -- (current) International Society of Bioprocess and Sustainability 2022-01 -- (current) International Bioprocessing Association (Life membership) 2022-01 -- (current) The Society for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Japan 2024 -- (current) JAPANESE SOCIETY OF WATER TREATMENT BIOLOGY - Honors & Awards
2024-08 ICBS2024ポスター発表優秀賞 Yan Junqi 2024-08 ICBS2024ポスター発表優秀賞 Hu Jian 2024-08 ICBS2024ポスター発表優秀賞 Gao Baoqi 2024-08 ICBS2024口頭発表優秀賞 Xu Jing 2023-09 筑波大学生命地球科学研究群長表彰 Zhang Chi 2023-09 筑波大学生命地球科学研究群長表彰 Wang Zhiwei 2022-09 Golden Prize Xu Jing 2023-03 ICBS2023ポスター発表最優秀賞 Li Yicong 2019-9 筑波大学学長表彰 Yuan Tian - Articles
- Static and dynamic dissolved oxygen distributions in algal–bacterial granular sludge: mapping intragranular oxygen profile and penetration under different oxygenation strategies
Li Zhichen; Wang Qian; Lyu Xinyu; Yuan Tian; Utsumi ...
Bioresource Technology, 2026-04-01 - Phosphorus fates in algal-bacterial granular sludge systems under different nitrogen transformation pathways
Lyu Xinyu; Zhao Xi; Shao Han; Li Zhichen; Yuan Tian; ...
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL/529, 2026-02-01 - Nitrogen assimilation may facilitate enhanced nitrogen removal and reservation in algal-bacterial granular sludge
Ai Ziyin; Fan Yuechong; Dong Jian; Lyu Xinyu; Huang ...
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY/443, 2025-12 - Optimizing nitrogen form ratio for enhanced nutrient uptake and lettuce performance in hydroponic systems
Xu Jing; Che Gongye; Yan Junqi; Luo Yun; Good Allen; ...
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS/32, 2025-12 - Response of algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge to wastewater pH fluctuation: Focus on extremely acidic and alkaline shocks
Gao Ge; Palomique Kimberly R.; Ai Ziyin; Liu Wenjun; ...
JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS/180, 2026-03 - Boosting volatile fatty acids production from fruit pericarp waste: An economical anaerobic fermentation strategy via steel slag pretreatment
Wang Lanting; Yuan Kaichong; Li Shengnan; Yuan Tian; ...
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION/40, 2025-11 - Feasibility of continuous-flow algal-bacterial granular sludge bioreactor with no mechanical aeration for recirculating aquaculture wastewater treatment
Liu Wenjun; Dong Jian; Ai Ziyin; Gao Ge; Lei Zhongfa...
Biochemical Engineering Journal/222/p.109841, 2025-06 - A review on recent advancement in algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge: From inoculation approaches to operation strategies
Lyu Xinyu; Ai Ziyin; Huang Wenli; Huang Weiwei; Lei ...
BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES/83, 2025-10 - Preferable and feasible tests on phosphorus release/recovery from anaerobically digested bacterial and algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludges
Chen Xingyu; Wang Xinyue; Lei Zhongfang; Yuan Tian; S...
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL/517, 2025-08-01 - Dissolved oxygen control in photosynthetic-oxygen supported algal-bacterial granule system to better coordinate microalgae with bacteria
Li Zejiao; Wang Jixiang; Zhao Yankai; Liu Wenjun; Lei...
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering/13(3), 2025-04 - Wastewater treatment performance of algal species isolated from algal-bacterial granular sludge
Xie Zhuo; Zhao Xiaoyu; Jia Yuanyuan; Li Yicong; Li B...
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS/30/p.102111, 2025-04 - Re-granulation and performance of anaerobically digested bacterial and algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge
Chen Xingyu; Dong Xiaochuan; Wang Jixiang; Lei Zhongf...
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/375, 2025-02 - Molecular Characterization of Cancer Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Three Antistress Compounds, Triethylene Glycol, Withanone, and Withaferin A
Zhang Huayue; Kim Hyonchol; Yuan Tian; Zhang Zhenya; ...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES/26(2), 2025-01 - Integration of biogas and liquid recirculation enhance methane production in high-solid anaerobic digestion of pig manure and rice husks
Xu Zhuoqi; Gu Wenbo; Shi Yuwei; Li Baibing; Zhang Zh...
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY/416, 2025-01 - γCyclodextrin-assisted Aqueous Extract of Cinnamon for Cancer and Stress Management
Shi Yang; He Huifu; Zhang Huayue; Yuan Tian; Zhang Z...
CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY/Epub, 2024-08-20 - Controlled n-type doping in graphene using a photobase generator and polyethylene oxide blends
Wang Yuqing; Ishihara Masatou; Kirihara Kazuhiro; Jian...
DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS/147/p.111306, 2024-06 - High-efficiency anaerobic digestion of soybean curb residue with simultaneous phosphorus recovery by MgFe layered double hydroxides addition
YUAN Tian; Kong Xiangxu; Gao Baoqi; Liu Yi; Lei Zhon...
Bioresource Technology Reports/26/p.101862, 2024-05 - Preliminary tests on carbon and nitrogen emissions and nutrients availability upon application of algal-bacterial granules to arid and low fertility soil
Dong Xiaochuan; Zhang Sicheng; Chen Xingyu; Lei Zhong...
Chemical Engineering Journal/492/p.152250, 2024-5 - A preliminary test for nitrogen recovery potential of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria and its granules treating wastewater containing different nitrogen species
Zhao Yankai; Li Zejiao; Fan Yunqiang; Santisouk Lathd...
Chemical Engineering Journal/490/p.151765, 2024-04 - Energy and resource recovery from a future aerobic granular sludge wastewater treatment plant and benefit analysis
Chen Xinyu; Wang Xinyue; Wang Qian; Wang Jixiang; Lei...
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024-03 - Energy and resource recovery from a future aerobic granular sludge wastewater treatment plant and benefit analysis
Chen Xingyu; Wang Xinyue; Wang Qian; Wang Jixiang; Le...
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL/487, 2024-03 - MlrA, an Essential Enzyme for Microcystins and Nodularin on First Step Biodegradation in Microcystin-Degrading Bacteria.
Liu Tianxiao; Kurogo Narumi; Kodato Miwa; Fujimoto Na...
CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY/37(2)/pp.212-215, 2024-01 - A review of alginate-like extracellular polymers from excess sludge: Extraction, characterization, and potential application.
Rungen Zeng; Chen Shi; Liting Hao; Ao Huang; Yuan Ti...
Journal of Water Process Engineering/56/p.104346, 2023-10 - Settling velocity of algal-bacterial granular sludge studied in the sequence batch reactor
Medina Uli Alba Somala; Yuan Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Teru...
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS/24/p.101624, 2023-09 - Enhanced Pb (II) removal from wastewater by co-pyrolysis biochar derived from sewage sludge and calcium sulfate: Performance evaluation and quantitative mechanism analysis
Wang Zhiwei; Nie Qi; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya; Shi...
Separation and Purification Technology/329/p.125124, 2023-09 - more...
- Static and dynamic dissolved oxygen distributions in algal–bacterial granular sludge: mapping intragranular oxygen profile and penetration under different oxygenation strategies
- Conference, etc.
- Valorization of Liquid Digestate-derived Humic Substances as Microalgal Biostimulants: Insights into Dose-response and Structure-response Relationships.
Zhao Xiaoyu; Yuan Tian; lei zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Flocculation of Anaerobic Digestate for Enhanced Microalgae Cultivation and Nutrient Recovery
Yang Yuxuan; Yuan Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Algal and Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Similarities, Differences, and Synergistic Prospects for Environmental Remediation - A Review.
Xie Zhuo; Yuan Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Effects of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon on Hydroponic Lettuce Growth.
Yan Junqi; Xu Jing; Yuan Tian; Luo Yun; Liu Yi; Lei ...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter in Anaerobic Digestate on Hydroponic Cultivation.
Hu Wanqing; Yuan Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Utilization of Concrete Wash Water for Enhanced Microalgae Cultivation
Liu Guoran; Yuan Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya; C...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Effect of Applied Voltage Level and Timing on Methane production in A Microbial Electrolysis Cell-assisted Anaerobic Digestion System Treating Swine Manure.
Liu Yi; Yuan Tian; Zhang Zhenya; Lei Zhongfang
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Integrating Heterotrophic Nitrification and Algal Assimilation in A High-solid Anaerobic Digestion System with Liquid Recirculation for Methane Enhancement and Nitrogen Recovery.
Li Yuxiao; Gu Wenbo; Gao Baoqi; Xie Zhuo; Li Baibing...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Enhanced Biogas Production from High-solid Anaerobic Digestion of Rice Husk by Adding Air Nanobubble Water.
Li Baibing; Gu Wenbo; Li Yuxiao; Yang Jize; Lei Zhon...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Controlling Factors on the Co-recovery of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances and Volatile Fatty Acids from Anaerobic Fermentation of Food Waste.
Zeng Rungen; Lei Zhongfang; Shi Chen; Zhang Zhenya; S...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Effects of Liquid Digestate from Different Types of Food Waste as Fertilizer on the Growth of Hydroponic Lettuce
Luo Yun; Yuan Tian; Xu Jing; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zh...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - An Integrated System of Anaerobic Digestion and Recirculating Aquaculture for Sustainable Shrimp Farming
Cheng Yanfei; Zhang Zhenya; Shoji Akio; Yuan Tian; Ar...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Fertilizer Potential of Solid Digestate from a High-solid Anaerobic Digestion System with Liquid and Biogas Recirculation
Yang Jize; Gu Wenbo; Li Yuxiao; Li Baibing; Lei Zhon...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Selective Enhancement of Methane Production and Phosphorus Recovery by Mg-Fe Layered Double Hydroxides in Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste.
Shen Yiming; Liu Yi; Yuan Tian; Zhang Zhenya; Lei Zh...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Microbial Immobilization on PVA/LDH Composites for Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater
Gao Baoqi; Yuan Tian; Zhang Zhenya; Lei Zhongfang
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Synthesis and Characterization of High-porosity Polyurethane Foam for Immobilization of Nitrifying Bacteria in Wastewater Treatment
Jiang Chengyu; Yuan Tian; Gao Baoqi; Zhang Zhenya; Le...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Exploring Sulfur Uptake by Cyanobacteria under Varying Nutrient Conditions in Sulfur-containing Wastewater.
Sun Jihan; Yuan Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Direct Utilization of Ammonia-containing Liquid Digestate Enhances Lettuce Quality and Nutrient Uptake in pH-controlled Hydroponic Systems.
Xu Jing; YUAN Tian; Lei Zhongfang; Zhang Zhenya
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Enhancing High-solid Anaerobic Digestion with In-situ Nanobubble Generation via Biogas Recirculation.
Gu Wenbo; Li Yuxiao; Li Baibing; Yang Jize; Lei Zhon...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Controlling Nitrogen Metabolism to Influence Phosphorus Fate in Algal-Bacterial Granular Sludge
Lyu Xinyu; Zhao Xi; Shao Han; Li Zhichen; Yuan Tian; ...
The 1st International Conference on Photogranules/2025-09-17--2025-09-19 - Evaluation and Comparison of Shrimp Farming Wastewater Treatment Using Bacterial and Algal-bacterial Granular Sludges in the Context of Vietnam
Loan Vu Thi Kieu; Fan Yunqiang; Lei* Zhongfang; Yuan ...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Self-sufficiency of Carbon Source in Bacterial and Algal-bacterial Granular Sludge-based Wastewater Treatment Systems Coupling with Anaerobic Fermentation of Waste Granular Sludge
Fan Yunqiang; Li Zhichen; Loan Vu Thi Kieu; Dong Jian...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Recirculating Aquaculture Systems with Efficient Aquaculture Wastewater Treatments under Low Ammonia Loading: A Case Study on Litopenaeus vannamei Farming.
Zhang Yuanyuan; Zhao Yankai; YUAN Tian; Zhang Zhenya; ...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Nitrogen Assimilation May Facilitate Enhanced Nitrogen Removal and Reservation in Algal-bacterial Granular Sludge
Ai Ziyin; Fan Yuechong; Dong Jian; Lyu Xinyu; Huang ...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - Enhanced Phosphorus Removal by Algal-bacterial Granular Sludge System Coupling pH Control with Acetic Acid: Closed-loop Resource Management in Recirculating Aquaculture System
Liu Wenjun; Dong Jian; Ai Ziyin; Gao Ge; Yuan Tian; ...
The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2025)/2025-11-15--2025-11-16 - more...
- Valorization of Liquid Digestate-derived Humic Substances as Microalgal Biostimulants: Insights into Dose-response and Structure-response Relationships.
- Intellectural property rights
- 水耕栽培の養液調整方法
原 田 - 飼育水槽排水構造、及び飼育水槽排水方法
原 田 - 甲殻類用飼育水
原 田 - 藻類用培養基質の製造方法
原 田 - メタン発酵装置、およびメタン発酵方法
張振亜; 原 田; 許卓奇
- 水耕栽培の養液調整方法
- Teaching
2025-10 -- 2025-12 Utilization and Recycling of Bio-resources University of Tsukuba. 2025-05 -- 2025-08 Forefront of Food Science and Technology in Agro-biological Resource Scienses University of Tsukuba. 2025-10 -- 2025-12 Renewable Energy and Bioresource Recycling Technologies University of Tsukuba. 2025-04 -- 2025-07 Laboratory in Agricultural Machinery,Structure and Food Engineering University of Tsukuba. 2025-04 -- 2025-06 Fundamental Environmental Engineering Laboratory University of Tsukuba. 2025-10 -- 2026-02 Exercise of Environmental Studies II University of Tsukuba. 2025-04 -- 2025-08 Exercise of Environmental Studies II University of Tsukuba. 2025-10 -- 2026-02 Exercise of Environmental Studies I University of Tsukuba. 2025-04 -- 2025-08 Exercise of Environmental Studies I University of Tsukuba. 2025-10 -- 2026-02 Environmental Studies Practicum II University of Tsukuba. more... - Talks
- The Role of Microbes in Sustainable Environmental Development
YUAN Tian
Beijing Union University Lecture/2024-06-24 - Conversion of Organic Wastes into Bioenergy and Value-added Products towards Contribution to Sustainable Society
YUAN Tian
Japan Sustainability Talks 2024/2024-04-22 - Development of Novel Dry Anaerobic Digestion System to Promote Its Wide Application.
Yuan Tian
The 2nd International Conference on Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Resources and Protection of Ecological Environment/2023-12-09 - A Novel Dry Anaerobic Digestion System for High-quality Bioenergy and Fertilizer Production
Yuan Tian; Zhuoqi Xu; Jing Xu; Zhongfang Lei; Zhenya ...
China-Japan Seminar on Interfacial Process and Control Measures of Combined Pollutants/2023-09-03--2023-09-07 - A Novel Dry Anaerobic Digestion System for High-quality Bioenergy and Fertilizer Production
Yuan Tian
2023 International Workshop on Environmental Science Technology and Sustainability Assessment/2023-08-28 - A Mini Review on Biogas Upgrading in Anaerobic Digestion Systems Treating Organic Solids and Wastewaters via Biogas Recirculation
Yuan Tian
International Workshop on Agricultural Waste Reclamation and Utilization/2021-09-26 - Biogas recirculation in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Yuan Tian
Digital Summer School Interface for Bio-resource & Environmental Engineering/2021-07-30
- The Role of Microbes in Sustainable Environmental Development
- Professional activities
2025 -- (current) The 3rd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability Organization Committee 2024 -- (current) The 2nd International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2024) Organization committee 2023 -- (current) China-Japan Seminar on Interfacial Process and Control Measures of Combined Pollutants Organization committee member 2023 -- (current) The 1st International Conference on Bioprocess and Sustainability (ICBS2023) Organization committee member 2022 -- (current) International Society of Bioprocess and Sustainability Council committee member 2020-04 -- 2021-03 The 4th International Conference on Recent Advancements in Sustainable Management of Livestock Industry and Rural Environment Scientific Committee Member 2021-04 -- 2021-09 International Workshop on Agricultural Waste Reclamation and Utilization Organization committee member - University Management
2026 -- (current) 生物資源学類広報委員 2026 -- (current) 環境系学位プログラム入試実施委員会 2024 -- 2024 環境系学位プログラム就職委員会 2023 -- (current) 環境系学位プログラム実験室管理委員会 2023 -- (current) 環境系学位プログラムカリキュラム委員会 2022 -- 2022 環境系学位プログラムリーダー意向調査実施管理委員会 2022 -- (current) 中国政府高水平入学試験口述試験委員 2021 -- (current) 環境系学位プログラム入学試験口述試験委員 2023 -- 2023 生命地球科学研究群長候補者選挙管理委員会 2021 -- (current) ダイバーシティ・アクセスビリティ担当教員 - Message
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生物資源プロセス工学研究室ウェブサイト https://www.u.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yuan.tian.ga/
(Last updated: 2026-04-21)